Transformation of sentence

 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

 2.Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

 3.Voice Change ২ প্রকার ।

 4.Degree ৩ প্রকার ।

 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

 **Affirmative to negative: 

 Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা)

 Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.

 Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.

 Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.

 Rule 2: Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).

 Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.

 Rule 3: Both----and → স্থানে → not only ---- but also.

 Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.

 Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.

 Rule 4: and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only ----- but also.

 Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

 Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে → There is no + attached word + but.

 Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.

 Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

 Rule 6: As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had ----- Than.

 Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

 Rule 7: The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+ positive form+ as+subject.

 Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.

 Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

 Rule8: প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not.

 Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.

 Rule 9: Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে।

 Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.

 Rule 10: Too ---- to → স্থানে → so ---that+Present হলে can not/ Pastহলেcould not.

 Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

 Rule 11: As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than.

 Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.

 Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.

 Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.

 Rule 13: Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always.

 Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.

 Rule 14: Many → স্থানে → Not a few.

 Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.

 Rule 15: A few → স্থানে → not many.

 Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

 Rule 16: Much → স্থানে → A little.

 Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

 Rule 17: A little → স্থানে → not much.

 Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

 ** Present Form=Don,t?

 ** Past Form=Didn,t ?

 ** Verb+s/es=Doesn,t ?

 ** Auxiluary Verb= Auxiluary Verb+n,t ?

 ** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ?

 Rule 1: যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affermative interrogative করতে হবে।

 Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.

 Int: was n’t he very gentle?

 Aff: He is not a good person.

 Int: Is he a good person?

 Rule 2: যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে →

 Present form হলে Do/ Don’t

 Past form হলে Did/Didn’t. 

 Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t

 Ex: Ass:He plays Football.

 Int: Does he play football?

 Ass: They did not play football yesterday.

 Int: Did they play football yesterday?

 Rule3: Never → স্থানে → Ever.

 Ass: I never drink tea.

 Int: Do I ever drink tea?

 Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t

 Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.

 Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

 Rule 5: Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.

 Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.

 Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

 Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who.

 Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.

 Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

 Rule 7 : There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).

 Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.

 Int: What is the use of this law.

 Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.

 Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

 Rule 8: It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why.

 Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.

 Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,

 Is there any use of this law?

 Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter.

 Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.

 Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

 Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence

 Rule 1: what a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun)

 Ex: What a beautiful scenery!

 Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.

 Ex: What a pity!

 Ass: It is a great pity.

 Rule2: How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)

 Ex: How fortunate you are!

 Ass: You are very fortunate.

 Exc: What a fool you are!

 Ass: You are a great fool.

 Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.

 Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.

 Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

 Rule 4: Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.

 Ex: Alas! He has failed.

 Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

 Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.

 Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!

 Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.

 Ex: Were I a bird!

 Ass: I wish I were a bird.

 Ex: If I were young again!

 Ass: I wish I were young again.

 Ex: would that I could be a child!

 Ass: I wish I could be a child.

 Imperative to assertive

 Rule 1: subject + should+verb.

 Ex: Do the work.

 Ass: you should do the work.

 Rule 2: Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb.

 Ex: Please, help me.

 Ass: You are requested to help me.

 Rule 3: Do not → স্থানে → You should not.

 Ex: Do not run in the sun.

 Ass: you should not run in the sun.

 Rule 4: Never → স্থানে → you should never.

 Ex: Never tell a lie.

 Ass: You should never tell a lie.

 Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.

 Ex: Let us go out for a walk.

 Ass: We should go out for a walk.

 Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might.

 Ex: Let him play football.

 Ass: He might play football.

 2.Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

Simple-Compund- Complex

 Rule 1:

 Simple=Verb+ing

 Compund=and

 Complex=when/as/since

 Example

 Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

 Compund:The boy worked hard and he made a good result.

 Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.

 Rule 2:

 Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing

 Compund=But

 Complex=Though/Although

 Example

 Simple: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

 Compund: He tried heart and soul but he could not succeed in life.

 Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.

 Rule 3: Simple=By+ing

 Compund=Imperative sentence+and

 Complex=If Clause positive

 Example

 Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

 Compund:Work hard and you will succeed in life.

 Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.

 Rule 4:

 Simple=Without+ing

 Imperative sentence+or

 Complex=If Clause negative

 Example

 Simple: Without working hard, you will not succeed in life.

 Compund:Work hard or you will not succeed in life.

 Complex:Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.

 Rule 5:

 Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb

 Compund=very/much...and

 Complex=So...That

 Example

 Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

 Compund:The boy is very foolish that he cannot understand it.

 Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.

 Rule 6:

 Simple=Principal clause +to+verb

 Compund=and

 Complex=Sothat/In order that

 Example

 Simple: He works hard to prosper in life.

 Compund:He works hard and he may prosper in life.

 Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.

 Rule 7:

 Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun

 Compund=and

 Complex=Relative Pronoun(Who,Which,That)

 Example

 Simple: I know the poor man

 Compund:I know the man and he is poor

 Complex: I know the man who is poor.

 2. From Compound to Complex

 Rule-1.

 And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence.

 Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.

 Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired.

 Rule-2.

 But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি sentence.

 Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match.

 Complex: Though the boy tried hard hard, he could not win the match

 Rule-3.

 Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অংশ।

 Compound: Do or die.

 Complex: If you do not do, you will die.

 Rule-4.

 And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়।

 Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life.

 Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.

 Rule-5.

 And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় ।

 Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good health.

 Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keep good health.

 3. From Simple to Compound

 Rule-1.

 Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে -

 Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Fishing the work, we went to the playground.

 Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.

 Rule-2.

 Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে

 Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.

 Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.

 Rule-3.

 Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and + sub এর পরের অংশ ।

 Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.

 Compound: I had written the letter and it.

 Rule-4.

 In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound করতে হয়।

 Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was reworded.

 Compound: He was dishonest but reworded.

 Rule-5.

 Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়।

 Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Without going, you will die.

 Compound: Go or you will die.

 Rule-6.

 By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়।

 Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ।

 Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.

 Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.

 Rule-7.

 Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ।

 Simple: He is too dull to understand it.

 Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.

4. From Complex to Compound

 Rule-1.

 Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায়।

 Complex: When i went there, I found him.

 Compound: I went there and found him.

 Rule-2.

 Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়।

 Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella.

 Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella.

 Rule-3.

 Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে।

 Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.

 Compound: Read or you will fail.

 5. From Complex to Simple

 Rule-1.

 Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে।

 Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ।

 Complex: When i went there, I found him absent.

 Simple: Going there, I found him absent.

 Rule-2.

 Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়।

 Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough weather/cold + Extension.

 Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out.

 Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out.

 Rule-3.

 If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ ।

 Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen.

 Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.

 Rule-4.

 If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে।

 Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension.

 Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him.

 Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him.

 Rule-5.

 ‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।

 Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life.

 Simple: People work hard to shine in life.

 Rule-6. ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension.

 Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present.

 Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present.

 Rule-7.Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/having + extension.

 Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.

 Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.

 Rule-8.

 Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে ।

 Complex: The man who is drowning cateachs at a straw.

 Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.

 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

 2.Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

 3.Voice Change ২ প্রকার ।

 4.Degree ৩ প্রকার ।

 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

 **Affirmative to negative: 

 Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা)

 Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.

 Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.

 Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.

 Rule 2: Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).

 Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.

 Rule 3: Both----and → স্থানে → not only ---- but also.

 Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.

 Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.

 Rule 4: and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only ----- but also.

 Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

 Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে → There is no + attached word + but.

 Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.

 Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

 Rule 6: As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had ----- Than.

 Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

 Rule 7: The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+ positive form+ as+subject.

 Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.

 Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

 Rule8: প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not.

 Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.

 Rule 9: Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে।

 Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.

 Rule 10: Too ---- to → স্থানে → so ---that+Present হলে can not/ Pastহলেcould not.

 Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

 Rule 11: As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than.

 Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.

 Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.

 Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.

 Rule 13: Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always.

 Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.

 Rule 14: Many → স্থানে → Not a few.

 Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.

 Rule 15: A few → স্থানে → not many.

 Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

 Rule 16: Much → স্থানে → A little.

 Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

 Rule 17: A little → স্থানে → not much.

 Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

 ** Present Form=Don,t?

 ** Past Form=Didn,t ?

 ** Verb+s/es=Doesn,t ?

 ** Auxiluary Verb= Auxiluary Verb+n,t ?

 ** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ?

 Rule 1: যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affermative interrogative করতে হবে।

 Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.

 Int: was n’t he very gentle?

 Aff: He is not a good person.

 Int: Is he a good person?

 Rule 2: যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে →

 Present form হলে Do/ Don’t

 Past form হলে Did/Didn’t. 

 Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t

 Ex: Ass:He plays Football.

 Int: Does he play football?

 Ass: They did not play football yesterday.

 Int: Did they play football yesterday?

 Rule3: Never → স্থানে → Ever.

 Ass: I never drink tea.

 Int: Do I ever drink tea?

 Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t

 Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.

 Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

 Rule 5: Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.

 Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.

 Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

 Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who.

 Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.

 Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

 Rule 7 : There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).

 Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.

 Int: What is the use of this law.

 Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.

 Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

 Rule 8: It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why.

 Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.

 Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,

 Is there any use of this law?

 Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter.

 Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.

 Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

 Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence

 Rule 1: what a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun)

 Ex: What a beautiful scenery!

 Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.

 Ex: What a pity!

 Ass: It is a great pity.

 Rule2: How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)

 Ex: How fortunate you are!

 Ass: You are very fortunate.

 Exc: What a fool you are!

 Ass: You are a great fool.

 Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.

 Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.

 Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

 Rule 4: Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.

 Ex: Alas! He has failed.

 Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

 Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.

 Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!

 Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.

 Ex: Were I a bird!

 Ass: I wish I were a bird.

 Ex: If I were young again!

 Ass: I wish I were young again.

 Ex: would that I could be a child!

 Ass: I wish I could be a child.

 Imperative to assertive

 Rule 1: subject + should+verb.

 Ex: Do the work.

 Ass: you should do the work.

 Rule 2: Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb.

 Ex: Please, help me.

 Ass: You are requested to help me.

 Rule 3: Do not → স্থানে → You should not.

 Ex: Do not run in the sun.

 Ass: you should not run in the sun.

 Rule 4: Never → স্থানে → you should never.

 Ex: Never tell a lie.

 Ass: You should never tell a lie.

 Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.

 Ex: Let us go out for a walk.

 Ass: We should go out for a walk.

 Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might.

 Ex: Let him play football.

 Ass: He might play football.

 2.Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

Simple-Compund- Complex

 Rule 1:

 Simple=Verb+ing

 Compund=and

 Complex=when/as/since

 Example

 Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

 Compund:The boy worked hard and he made a good result.

 Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.

 Rule 2:

 Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing

 Compund=But

 Complex=Though/Although

 Example

 Simple: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

 Compund: He tried heart and soul but he could not succeed in life.

 Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.

 Rule 3: Simple=By+ing

 Compund=Imperative sentence+and

 Complex=If Clause positive

 Example

 Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

 Compund:Work hard and you will succeed in life.

 Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.

 Rule 4:

 Simple=Without+ing

 Imperative sentence+or

 Complex=If Clause negative

 Example

 Simple: Without working hard, you will not succeed in life.

 Compund:Work hard or you will not succeed in life.

 Complex:Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.

 Rule 5:

 Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb

 Compund=very/much...and

 Complex=So...That

 Example

 Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

 Compund:The boy is very foolish that he cannot understand it.

 Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.

 Rule 6:

 Simple=Principal clause +to+verb

 Compund=and

 Complex=Sothat/In order that

 Example

 Simple: He works hard to prosper in life.

 Compund:He works hard and he may prosper in life.

 Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.

 Rule 7:

 Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun

 Compund=and

 Complex=Relative Pronoun(Who,Which,That)

 Example

 Simple: I know the poor man

 Compund:I know the man and he is poor

 Complex: I know the man who is poor.

 2. From Compound to Complex

 Rule-1.

 And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence.

 Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.

 Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired.

 Rule-2.

 But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি sentence.

 Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match.

 Complex: Though the boy tried hard hard, he could not win the match

 Rule-3.

 Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অংশ।

 Compound: Do or die.

 Complex: If you do not do, you will die.

 Rule-4.

 And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়।

 Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life.

 Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.

 Rule-5.

 And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় ।

 Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good health.

 Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keep good health.

 3. From Simple to Compound

 Rule-1.

 Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে -

 Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Fishing the work, we went to the playground.

 Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.

 Rule-2.

 Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে

 Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.

 Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.

 Rule-3.

 Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and + sub এর পরের অংশ ।

 Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.

 Compound: I had written the letter and it.

 Rule-4.

 In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound করতে হয়।

 Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was reworded.

 Compound: He was dishonest but reworded.

 Rule-5.

 Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়।

 Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ।

 Simple: Without going, you will die.

 Compound: Go or you will die.

 Rule-6.

 By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়।

 Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ।

 Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.

 Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.

 Rule-7.

 Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ।

 Simple: He is too dull to understand it.

 Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.

4. From Complex to Compound

 Rule-1.

 Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায়।

 Complex: When i went there, I found him.

 Compound: I went there and found him.

 Rule-2.

 Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়।

 Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella.

 Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella.

 Rule-3.

 Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে।

 Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.

 Compound: Read or you will fail.

 5. From Complex to Simple

 Rule-1.

 Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে।

 Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ।

 Complex: When i went there, I found him absent.

 Simple: Going there, I found him absent.

 Rule-2.

 Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়।

 Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough weather/cold + Extension.

 Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out.

 Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out.

 Rule-3.

 If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ ।

 Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen.

 Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.

 Rule-4.

 If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে।

 Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension.

 Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him.

 Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him.

 Rule-5.

 ‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।

 Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life.

 Simple: People work hard to shine in life.

 Rule-6. ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension.

 Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present.

 Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present.

 Rule-7.Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ

 Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/having + extension.

 Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.

 Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.

 Rule-8.

 Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে ।

 Complex: The man who is drowning cateachs at a straw.

 Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.

4.Degree ৩ প্রকার ।

 Change of degree

 Rule1: the superlative হলে The Biggest

 comparative এর জন্য,

 subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + পরবর্তী অংশ

 positiveএর জন্য,

 No other +পরবর্তী অংশ + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

 Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.

 Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.

 Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.

 Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:

 Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ পরবর্তী অংশ

 Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

 Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.

 Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.

 Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.

 Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any

 Comparative: Than all other/than any other.

 Positive: x.

 Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village.

 Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village.

 Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan.

 Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using

 (not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.

 Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.

 Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.

 2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’

 Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.

 Rules 4: Subject+ verb+ a/an +adjective+ noun/ pronoun+

 He is a good boy

 Subject+ verb +adj(comp)+ than any other/(than all other +noun plural)/than every other + noun(singular)+……………..

 He is better than any other boy.

 Subject+ verb+ the +adj(superlative)+ noun+ other word.

 He is the best boy

 Rules 5:No other+ subject-------am/is/are/was/were +so/as +adverb/adjective (positive form)+as +Subject.

 Example: No other girl is as good as her.

 Subject +verb +Comparative form+ than+ any other/all other+………………………

 Example; She is better than any other girl in the class.

 Subject +am/is/are/was/were+the +Superlative form+of (if present) +…………

 She is the best girl in the class.

 Rules 6:Sub+ verb+ not +so/as +adverb/adjective(positive form)+as+…….

 Example; Rina is not so wise as Dina.

 Noun/pronoun +verb+ Comparative form +than+…..

 Example: Dina is wiser than Rina.

 Rules 7:Sub+ verb +as +positive form +as+……..

 Example; A plane flies as fast as a rocket.

 Noun/Pronoun+ do not/does not/did not+ verb+ comparative+ than+ Subject.

 Example: A Rocket does not fly faster than a plane.

 Rule 8: No/not less --- than

 positive= as +adj/adv+ as

 Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman.

 Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman.